Job Description of a WIC Nutritional Assistant

The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program is a supplemental nutrition program, funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Education, food vouchers and referrals are offered, free of charge, to low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, and infants and children younger than five years of age. The goal of the program is to improve the health of this at-risk group.

Requirements and Salary

Registered Dietitians (RD), Degreed Nutritionists (DN) and Registered Nurses (RN) may be hired as nutritional assistants. A WIC employee who does not possess one of these degrees may qualify for the nutritional assistant position if she has a minimum of a high school diploma, 1,000 hours working for WIC and completion of a nutritional assistant competency exam. Annual salaries range from $22,000 to $27,000, depending on experience.

Assessments

WIC nutritional assistants meet with applicants and review forms and documentation, such as proof of residency and income, to determine eligibility for the program. Assistance is given to applicants completing enrollment forms. An interview is conducted to evaluate dietary habits and medical history. Nutritional assistants schedule appointments for future counseling and classes.

Counseling

Nutritional assistants use their knowledge of dietary guidelines and disease prevention to evaluate participants' needs, according to the information gained from the intake application and interview. Personalized nutritional counseling is given. Participants are taught how to plan meals that meet the dietary needs of each member of the family, and prevent health concerns such as obesity.

Breastfeeding Promotion

Breastfeeding is encouraged by nutritional assistants. The health benefits of breastfeeding are explained. Nutritional assistants, who have additional training in lactation and breastfeeding, provide advice and support. If additional help is needed, an assistant may refer the mother to a WIC board certified lactation consultant. Assistants loan breast pumps as necessary and maintain records.

Food Vouchers

WIC participants are issued vouchers that may be used to purchase food. Each voucher is redeemable for a specific item, such as milk, eggs, cereal, juice, tuna, vegetables, peanut butter, beans or infant formula. Nutritional assistants ensure that participants know how and where to redeem the vouchers. They also provide recipes and menu suggestions incorporating the voucher food items.

Monitoring

Program participants meet with nutritional assistants frequently. During visits, babies and children are weighed and measured, in order to track their progress. Assistants use observation and interviewing to determine family needs and may advise participants about health concerns, such as alcohol or tobacco use. Referrals are given to agencies that can assist in dental care, immunizations and early childhood education.

Presentations

Nutritional Assistants participate in the creation of educational materials, such as fact sheets on lactose intolerance, gestational diabetes and food safety. In addition to the private nutritional instruction given, assistants teach group classes on topics such as pregnancy nutrition, infant nutrition, how to wean a baby from bottles, physical activity, iron deficiency anemia, smart shopping, gardening and cooking.

How to Get Rid of Your Pregnancy Weight Fast

After you've gained the average 25 to 30 (or maybe more) pounds from carrying that bundle of joy, you may be eager to start losing extra weight. However, you will need to follow a sensible weight-loss program that allows you to lose weight in a healthful way. The first six weeks after your baby is born is a time for your body to regenerate itself --- a great time to take on a new healthy routine that will help you lose weight, so long as you don't overdo it.

Instructions

1

Breast-feed your baby. The Fit Pregnancy website says breast-feeding alone burns 600 to 800 calories a day. Many mothers choose to breast-feed their babies for only six months, but if you can manage it, try to extend that a few months. Not only will you be providing added health benefits to your baby, you'll also be extending the length of time you can take advantage of the weight-loss benefits.

2

Start on a healthier diet. Many pregnant women find themselves indulging in the nightly bowl of ice cream or sugary snacks. Cut out those snacks after you've had your baby and focus on getting at least 40 grams of protein and plenty of vegetables. Also, be realistic and reward yourself with occasional treats so you don't end up binging on snacks.

3

Make several small meals in advance. If you're breast-feeding, you won't be able to go long jags without eating, so don't set yourself up for overindulging by skipping meals. Write out a meal plan for a few days and go shopping for those items. Then make anything you can ahead of time to make sure it's handy during one of your quick mealtimes.

4

Start small with exercise, and work up to more strenuous routines. Right after the birth, you may not feel as if you're up for exercise. But make an effort, when you get approval from your doctor, to go on a short walk. Start a daily walking routine and then step it up to a running routine with a jogging stroller. Also, work out to exercise videos while your baby is napping.

Healthy Ways to Lose Weight While Breastfeeding

Although giving birth to a baby is one of the biggest joys of a mother's life, losing the weight that was added to your body as a result of that birth is definitely not as pleasant. Many women are desperate to get back to their pre-pregnancy weight, but may wonder if trying to lose weight will negatively affect their breastfeeding. Although this concern is valid, there are many healthy ways to lose weight while breastfeeding without damaging your supply or your baby's nutrition.

Lose Weight Slowly

In order to make sure your milk supply is not negatively affected, it is much better to take a slow, gradual approach to weight loss. A pound or two a week is generally considered appropriate. Keep in mind that the general rule of thumb is that if it took nine months to put on that weight during pregnancy, it may take about the same length of time to return to your normal pre-pregnancy weight. KellyMom.com and the Le Leche League, also suggest waiting until your baby is at least two months old before actively trying to lose weight.

Exercise

Moderate exercise while breastfeeding can be an effective way of helping you lose weight. Although joining a gym can be great if you would like some alone time, you may also want to consider exercising with your baby as well. Things like walking or jogging with your baby in a stroller is not only great exercise, but also allows you and your baby to experience the benefit of fresh air. Joining a mommy and baby exercise class is another good way of bonding with your baby while still finding time to exercise. These classes are usually advertised in local newspapers or parenting magazines, or online.

Diet

Although many people choose to cut calories when trying to lose weight, a nursing mother needs to be very careful not to get to cut too many calories in order to avoid affecting milk supply or the baby's nutrition. Le Leche League and KellyMom.com recommend that a nursing mother has a caloric intake of about 1,500 to 1,800 calories a day. It is also important to pay close attention to what you are eating, and include as many healthy foods as possible in your food selections. The Le Leche League suggests eating foods rich in calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamin B6 and magnesium. If you are concerned that the food you are eating does not have enough nutritional value for you and your baby, you can also take a multivitamin or mineral supplement.

Things to Avoid

Avoid fad diets, cleanses, fasts and any sort of diet pill or medication while breastfeeding. Also, keep in mind that herbal supplements for weight loss are not regulated by the FDA and therefore are not appropriate for a breastfeeding mother.

How to Train a Baby to Eat From a Bottle

If your breastfed baby has difficulty taking a bottle, don't despair. You can rest assured that it's a common problem. Sucking from a bottle requires your baby to use different facial muscles than sucking from a breast, which makes it more difficult for a baby to learn. A baby may have trouble with the feel of the bottle nipple or the flow of the milk. With some patience and perseverance, you may be able to get your breastfed baby to take a bottle.

Instructions

1

Prepare a bottle by filling it with breast milk or formula.

2

Warm your baby's bottle in a bowl full of warm water for five minutes. Swirl the milk and let a drop fall on your wrist to test for warmth. The milk should be slightly warmer than room temperature.

3

Don't wait to offer the baby a bottle until she's almost starving. If you wait until a baby is very hungry, she's likely to reject a bottle in favor of what she is used to.

4

Have the father or another caregiver give your baby a bottle while you stay out of the room. If your baby can sense that her mother is near, she may refuse the bottle.

Infant Diarrhea Treatment

Infant diarrhea is a frequent occurrence that can happen anytime your baby experiences some kind of digestion issue or illness. There are a few conventional cures for infant diarrhea and a few key things to watch for before you call a doctor.

Keep Hydrated

Keeping your baby hydrated through the entire episode of diarrhea is key to preventing an even more serious illness. Infant diarrhea is most frequently viral in nature, but it can also occur from an intolerance to certain foods, or be caused by a bacteria. Generally doctors do not prescribe antibiotics for diarrhea, since it clears up on its own within a few days.

If you are breastfeeding your infant, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital information about diarrhea in breast-fed infants recommends that you continue breastfeeding to keep your infant fed and hydrated, but to change your diet to see if this potentially affects your infant's bowel movements.

In between breastfeeding sessions, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital recommends giving your child an oral rehydration solution. An oral rehydration solution can be home made -- 1 tbsp. of sugar and a pinch of salt in a quart of distilled water, or it can be an over-the-counter electrolytic drink specially formulated for infant diarrhea.

If you are not breastfeeding, the hospital recommends you take your infant off of solids and complex foods, then start with a diet of clear liquids and slowly work up to semi-solids. Although the results will not be immediate, if your infant's condition does not improve during this process, seek medical attention. Strive to keep your child well-hydrated through this process.

A home remedy

An overripe banana may be just what you need. Let the banana ripen to the point where it has a lot of black spots, then mash it and feed it to your child. This remedy is said to work almost instantly in stopping loose, watery bowel movements.

When To Call a Doctor

While most cases of diarrhea clear up fairly quickly, if your infant has diarrhea for longer than 24 hours with no sign of improvement, the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (Mayo Clinic) recommends you contact a doctor immediately. If the diarrhea is combined with fever or vomiting, the bowel movements increasingly watery or if your child is listless and her skin does not flatten immediately after being pinched, it is imperative for you to contact a doctor or take your child to the emergency room.

A Final Warning

If your child experiences chronic diarrhea, or seems to have diarrhea more often than normal, there might be an underlying condition. Contact your pediatrician to ensure your infant's continued health.

Can I Soothe My Nursing Dog's Nipples?

A new litter of puppies can be a welcome and happy event, but it can come with challenges. In the early stages of the puppies' growth, they will rely on their mother's milk to keep them well-fed. However, large amounts of feeding can result in chapped or cracked nipples for the nursing dog. Not only can that chapping be uncomfortable, but it also opens the nursing dog up to possible infections. Fortunately, there are a few remedies that can help ease a nursing dogs' nipples, while still allowing her to feed.

Mastitis

If it appears that the nursing dog's nipples are chapped or cracked, it is critical that she be checked for mastitis, which is an infection of the mammary glands. As the skin around or on the nipples cracks, it opens the dog up to infections, which could kill her if left untreated. If the dog's breast looks engorged, or the nipple is draining some sort of fluid, an infection is likely. Consult a vet if mastitis is a concern, and a simple course of antibiotics should take care of it.

Control Feedings

If a nursing dog's nipples are chapped but not infected, one simple way to make her more comfortable is to space out the feedings into regular intervals. Doing so will help ensure that her nipples are not constantly being irritated by puppy mouths, and give her a little break from the feedings. Simply isolate the nursing dog from the puppies, perhaps by placing them in different rooms, for a few hours of the day. However, be sure to reunite the two groups several times a day, to ensure that the puppies are adequately fed.

T-shirts

Another way to help relieve a nursing dog is to put a T-shirt on over her. While it may sound silly, the cloth will make her nipples inaccessible to the puppies, giving them time to rest and recover between feedings. This method has the added bonus of allowing the nursing dog to continue being around and attending to the puppies. However, be aware that if it is excessively hot, that cloth could prove uncomfortable for the nursing dog. Use proper judgment.

Creams and Balms

Humans typically use moisturizing creams and balms to treat chapped or irritated skin, but this method is not recommended for a nursing dog's nipples. Most creams are not intended for use on animals, and most contain ingredients that are not meant to be consumed orally. After applying the cream to a nursing dog's nipples, it is possible or even likely that either the nursing dog or her puppies will lick off the cream. Depending on the specific type of cream used, it could make the dogs sick, or at least discourage the puppies from feeding.

How to Clean Breast Pump Accessories

All breast pumps must be cleaned after each use. Breast pumps can accumulate mold or mildew growth on the parts of the pump that come in contact with the milk. These parts can include the tubes, pump body and the areola stimulator. These parts can be washed at home as frequently as necessary.

Instructions

1

Take apart the breast pump. Separate every individual part. Reference the instruction manual to double-check the number of parts. The instruction manual will give a detailed list of items that should be washed.

2

Wash each piece separately with warm soapy water. Use a wash cloth to scrub parts that have breast milk residue on them. Avoid using abrasive cloths or cleaning tools, such as a brush or rough sponge.

3

Rinse each piece for 15 to 30 seconds with hot water.

4

Place all of the cleaned breast pump parts on a dry towel. Allow the parts to air dry. Air drying avoids any bacteria transfer from a moist towel to the parts when hand drying them yourself.

5

Put all of the breast pump parts into the storage container. Do not touch the inner surfaces of any parts to avoid contamination.

How to Wean and Settle An Infant Who Wants to Nurse to Sleep?

The process of weaning from nursing begins with the first supplemental feeding, from a bottle, or of solid food, according to Le Leche League International (LLLI). Weaning is indeed a process, and the nighttime nursing is often the last one for a nursling to quit. Weaning takes time and patience. No exact set of rules work for all mothers and babies, but general guidelines will help when learning how to wean and settle an infant who wants to nurse to sleep.

Instructions

How to Wean From the Nighttime Feeding.

1

Plan your weaning period if possible. Weaning "cold turkey," will probably leave your breasts painfully engorged, and you might develop a breast infection. LLLI states that the baby will probably fight the switch if done quickly. Shorten nursing periods and stop nursing while your baby is awake. Then put him to sleep.

2

Make a bedtime routine not centered around breastfeeding, when settling an infant who wants to nurse to sleep. Most often infants enjoy cuddling and talking as much as they enjoy the nutrition they gain from nursing. Create a new cuddle time, such as book reading or back rub. Keep his favorite blanket or stuffed animal nearby for extra soothing.

LLLI suggests talking to your child about weaning, because he may understand more than you think. Explain what is happening and reassure him with loving touches. Use an understanding tone if he fusses.

Continue to change the bedtime routine. Rock him to sleep in a different room than you normally nurse him in, or walk him instead of rocking. Allow him to rest his head on your breast instead of feeding.

3

Ask your partner, baby's grandparent or friend to pat and rock your baby to sleep if the change in routine is not working. Your baby can smell your milk and feel your breasts, and some babies will focus on nursing instead of relaxing. Return to putting your child to sleep after your milk dries and he becomes accustomed to not nursing. Keep your partner in charge of the bedtime routine if it works well and that will create a special time for them.

4

Do not hold him in your typical nursing hold if you must put your baby to sleep and he still fusses. Place his back to your stomach. Kiss his head, rub his legs and keep him warm with a blanket. This will comfort him while taking away reminders of nursing.

LLLI reminds mothers that "a lot of extra love and attention in other forms will be needed" during weaning. Spend extra time with him during the day so the transition to bedtime is smooth. Play a soothing CD in his room or sing to him. Weaning is a natural part of child development and it takes an adjustment period.

How to Teach a Nursed Baby to Take a Bottle

Weaning a baby, or teaching a nursed baby to take a bottle can take some effort from you. However, with some preparation, this process can be an easy one for you and your baby.

Instructions

1

Start early, if possible. There is a great window of opportunity to introduce a bottle, which is around week six to week eight. At this age, there is no risk of nipple confusion and babies are open to trying something new.

2

Try not to teach your baby to take the bottle if your baby is experiencing other stressors such as daycare, a new bed or a move.

3

Make it fun by singing songs, tickling your baby and making faces. Don't force your nursed baby to take a bottle the first few times you introduce the bottle. The goal should be that baby isn't afraid of the bottle. While weaning, you should avoid suddenly taking the breast away completely.

4

Have someone other than mom introduce the bottle. Many babies equate the smell, touch and sound of their mother with the breast and won't accept a cold plastic nipple from mom. Sometimes moms even need to go into another room or leave the house while someone else offers the bottle.

5

Devote additional time to your baby while weaning your baby. Continue to cuddle with your baby, play with them and replace the breastfeeding time with other fun activities.

How to Lose Belly Fat While Breastfeeding

Once your baby arrives, you realize that you have some extra belly fat that you want to lose. If you are breastfeeding, you can't just do anything to lose that weight. You must select diets and exercises that will accomplish this goal, but still give the baby the nutrients he needs from your breast milk.

Instructions

1

Begin exercising after your six-week check up. Most doctors require new mothers to wait until after they have received their six-week check up before beginning any exercise and dieting.

2

Watch your calories. If you are breastfeeding, you need to have a goal of eating 1,800 calories. Make sure those calories are made up of fruits and vegetables, grains and proteins. Don't get your calories from doughnuts and Twinkies.

3

Make a goal for yourself to lose no more than 1 to 2 pounds per week. If you gained 30 lbs. of belly fat during your pregnancy and you lose 2 lbs. per week, you will lose all of your weight in 15 weeks or four months. This is a reasonable and healthy goal while you are still breastfeeding your baby.

4

Drink only water. If you want to get rid of that belly fat and still produce healthy milk, you need to drink only water. One glass of coffee or tea per day is fine, but no soda or sugary fruit drinks. You can lose weight by not drinking your calories and your baby will get more nutrients when your calories come from healthy foods instead of unhealthy beverages.

5

Create a workout routine around your baby's schedule. Begin exercising for 10 to 15 minutes after each breastfeeding session. Most newborns will fall asleep after eating, so this is a great time to get your exercising in. Don't overdue it with longer exercise routines. A simple 10-minute routine after each feeding is enough.

6

Eat six smaller meals throughout the day instead of three big meals. This will not only help you lose weight, but it will contribute to a better supply of milk for your baby. Your nutrients will be available more often since your baby will be breastfeeding more than three times per day.

7

Concentrate on cardio and then tone with some ab exercises. The cardio will help you burn fat fast, while the abs exercises will help to tone your belly back to the shape it was before you had your baby. Again, you don't want to overdo it, so incorporate these exercises in to your daily exercise routine.

How to Convert Your Own Clothes Into Nursing Clothes

Breastfeeding mothers don't always have to buy a whole new wardrobe; it's easy to convert items you already own into nursing clothes.

Instructions

1

Take a solid-colored T-shirt, and cut a vertical slit in it for easy nursing access. Make the opening long enough for comfortable access but not so long that the shirt loses its shape.

2

Zigzag around the edges of the slit so that it doesn't fray.

3

Cut a large square of fabric, big enough to cover the opening, plus a few inches all around. This can be a contrasting fabric, or it can match the T-shirt - your choice.

4

Turn in a small hem all the way around the fabric square, and straight-stitch or zigzag around the edges with a sewing machine.

5

Attach the fabric square to the T-shirt at the top and bottom - leave the sides open. This shirt is ready to be worn!

6

Cut nursing openings in a camisole or lightweight tank top.

7

Zigzag around the slits so that they don't fray.

8

Layer the item (tucked in or untucked) under any T-shirt or shirt, and nurse without showing off your postpartum tummy.

9

Use a tank top in the same fabric as your T-shirt, if you want to be as inconspicuous as possible - it will be hard for anyone to see that you are nursing.

How to Use Cabbage Leaves to Wean

Weaning is a difficult time for breastfeeding mothers. Not only is it emotionally stressful to give up this feeding and bonding ritual with your baby, but it also can be quite painful to have breast milk build up without relief. Fortunately, placing cabbage leaves in your bra can alleviate some of the discomfort--and help the milk dry up more quickly. Here's how to use cabbage leaves to wean.

Instructions

1

Buy one large head of green cabbage. Especially if you are weaning cold turkey, you probably will need the entire cabbage, so don't plan on making a soup with any of the leaves.

2

Wash the cabbage thoroughly and place the clean leaves in plastic storage bags. Refrigerate the cabbage right away. As soon as it's cold, you can start using it.

3

Wear a bra slightly smaller than a nursing bra. You don't want it to be too tight, which could lead to mastitis, but if it's loose, the cabbage won't be held securely in place and you might feel some discomfort.

4

Get out two cold cabbage leaves. Place each one like a bra cup on top of your bare breasts and then secure the bra. The leaves should cover your entire breast, from the center of your chest to beneath your armpits. If any of this area is exposed, get another cabbage leaf and cover it up.

5

Replace the cabbage leaves as soon as they become warm and wilted. The coldness of the cabbage is soothing during weaning, so you want to make sure the leaves are relatively fresh at all times. You'll probably need to change the leaves every two hours to stay comfortable.

6

Continue using the cabbage leaves for several days until your milk supply is gone.

How to Alleviate Sore Nipples

The one thing that will probably arrive shortly after your newborn is a period of really sore nipples. Sore nipples are sometimes caused by positioning or an incorrect latch. However, even if you do everything correctly when it comes to breastfeeding, you may still experience a period of sore nipples. The soreness will go away in time and with experience, but the following steps may help to alleviate it sooner.

Instructions

1

Check your nursing position. Make sure that your baby is tummy to tummy with you, which makes it the optimal position for feeding. Try alternating positions (football hold, side lying, cross cradle, etc.) when feeding if one particular position is too uncomfortable.

2

Make sure that she has a very wide latch when she attaches to the nipple. One way to encourage a wide latch is to stroke her chin. Her lips should be outward on the breast and not sucked in. Her tongue should be down under the nipple and you should not hear any clicking sounds.

3

Try massaging your breasts to help stimulate the let-down reflex before putting baby to breast. Expressing a little bit of breast milk before your baby attaches softens the nipple and makes it easier for him to get a good latch.

4

Begin nursing on the least sore side first. And when you do begin to nurse on the tender side, do some relaxation techniques like breathing or visualization to help you through the first few minutes.

5

When the baby is finished feeding, take her off the breast. Do not let her nurse for comfort on a sore nipple. This will only make it worse.

6

Never just pull the baby off the breast. If you have to break the suction for any reason you should stick your pinky finger in the corner of his mouth and gently pull to break the suction before taking him off of the breast.

7

If you continue to have sore nipples that don't seem to be getting any better, or seem to get worse, contact your local lactation expert. You can check at the hospital or with the La Leche League.

Breast Abscess Symptoms

A breast abscess is an infection in the breast that progresses from breast inflammation (mastitis) and forms a pus filled pocket known as an abscess. Generally, mastitis can be treated before an abscess forms; however, once an abscess forms, antibiotics and surgical drainage is the standard course of action.

Background

Breast infections are usually caused by the staphylococcus aureus bacteria commonly found on the skin. The bacteria enter the breast through a break in the skin. Cracks in the skin on the breast can occur with breast feeding, so mastitis is often found in breast feeding mothers.

Symptoms

Breast abscess symptoms begin with mastitis, or a painful, inflamed breast. The infection usually occurs only on one breast. Continued breast feeding on the affected side can help to clear up the infection. If the infection continues, a breast abscess can occur. This appears as a painful hard lump that can be red and feel hot when touched. Fever, chills and body aches may also be present. The lymph nodes on the affected side may also be swollen. If the abscess is allowed to progress, it will eventually rupture, and it may infect the surrounding area and milk ducts. Infected milk ducts are dangerous to the infant because the infection may be present in the breast milk.

Treatment

The treatment for breast abscess includes antibiotics and drainage of the abscess. Sometimes the infecting staphylococcus bacterium is the antibiotic resistant MRSA strain. In this instance, stronger antibiotics are given in order to combat the infection. This is much more likely to be the case if the infection includes the milk ducts. In all cases, the abscess is drained. The pus may be tested to determine the exact bacteria causing the infection.

Risk Factors

Women who have had a previous case of mastitis are more likely to develop a second case. Wearing a tight fitting bra may restrict the flow of milk, and increase the risk of mastitis and breast abscess. Not draining the breast during breast feeding is associated with a higher incidence of inflammation. Sore or cracked nipples can allow the bacteria to enter the body. Additionally, using only one position to breast feed may impede the breast from fully emptying, and the risk of mastitis is increased.

Warning

Breast abscess symptoms are similar to other more serious conditions. Any unexplained lump should be examined by a physician so the proper diagnosis can be made.

How Soon Can You Get Pregnant After Giving Birth?

After giving birth, women may not see the return of their menstrual cycle for weeks, and sometimes for months or years. This can cause some confusion about when the woman is fertile again and should use contraception if she hopes to avoid becoming pregnant. Fortunately, each woman can use some key information about her particular situation that can give some clues as to whether she should use birth control and when.

Ovulation and Pregnancy

The bottom line is that a woman is able to get pregnant as soon as she starts ovulating again. But there is a wide variance in how long it takes women to start ovulating again after giving birth, depending on her genetics, her breastfeeding relationship with her baby, nutrition and other factors. Because ovulation occurs before the return of the first period--typically 14 days before--it is possible to get pregnant again before the woman has seen the return of her menstrual cycle. And with women taking anywhere from weeks to years to see menstruation return, it's risky to make wild guesses about whether they are fertile.

When to Use Contraception

Abstaining from sex is the only guaranteed method of birth control. Many women opt to start using contraception as soon as sexual activity resumes after the baby's birth, regardless of whether their menstrual cycle has returned and when they expect it to.

Breastfeeding as Contraception

Relying on breastfeeding as contraception used to be popular, especially with parents wishing to practice "natural family planning." However, unintended pregnancies have given this misunderstood method a bad reputation. Unfortunately, many partners have mistakenly assumed that as long as the mother is breastfeeding, she is unable to get pregnant. Because the first ovulation comes before the woman sees her first period return, this is perhaps the biggest reason for the method's failure.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

According to numerous studies and a 1988 international consensus meeting in Bellagio, Italy, the breastfeeding method is more than 98 percent effective if women adhere to three simple criteria:

--The mother has not seen the return of her menstrual cycle

--The mother must be less than six months postpartum

--The mother is breastfeeding her baby on demand, day and night, and not feeding the baby other foods or liquids regularly. Occasional tastes of foods or other liquids are permitted, but they should never replace a feeding at the breast.

The first point is evidence that the mother's cycle has not yet returned. The last two points decrease the odds of the mother's cycle returning soon. Some Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) experts add to the third point that mothers relying on the LAM method not give their babies pacifiers, as it is important in keeping the menstrual cycle at bay that the baby be nursing at the breast for all nutritional and sucking needs. It is common to see mothers who exclusively breastfeed not see their period return until their babies are going longer stretches between nursing sessions or are sleeping through the night. This can delay the return of the menstrual cycle for months or years, depending on how long the nursing relationship lasts.

Family Planning

Family planning is a deeply personal decision for a family. While it is difficult to guess when a woman will ovulate again after having a baby, understanding some key criteria can help a family determine what approach they would like to take toward family planning at any given time.

Safety of Soy Milk in Infants

Breastfeeding is usually considered the best option for feeding a baby. For many reasons, including mom's work schedule, many families opt to bottle-feed instead. If a child is allergic to milk-based formula, a soy-based one might be recommended by a pediatrician or family doctor.

Types of Infant Nutrition

Having a new baby raises many questions, including making the decision on the best way to feed him. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and most other well-known organizations, are committed to the idea of breastfeeding as the best possible scenario. If breastfeeding is not an option or you choose to supplement your breast milk, there are several other possibilities. For the first year of life, infants get most of their nutrition from breast milk or formula. The formula comes in liquid or powder form. Most babies drink a formula based on cow's milk. Other babies use a soy-based formula. Others use an amino acid-based formula that contains no cow's milk or soy.

Soy Milk

Soy milk that can be bought in the refrigerated section of a store is not the same as soy formula located in the infants' aisle. Soy formula is commonly called soy milk, and is made when soy beans are fermented and the soy protein is extracted to make it edible. According to the AAP website, "The isolated soy protein-based formulas currently on the market are all free of cow milk-protein and lactose. The AAP maintains that soy formula has all the nutrients and calories as other formulas. As for the safety of it, the group has concluded that infants who need the product show normal growth and development patterns, just like babies fed other formulas. The soy-fed babies also demonstrate the same energy levels as other infants.

Soy Milk Recommendations

Even though the AAP assures the safety of soy formula, it still recommends formulas based on cow's milk, if mom is not breastfeeding. It recommends soy-based formula if a child has a true milk allergy (demonstrated by hives, difficulty breathing or swelling of the face and hands). Soy formula may also be recommended for lactose-intolerant infants, and babies whose parents insist on a strict vegetarian or vegan diet.

Concerns About Soy

The reason there is some debate about the safety of soy formula is the fact that it contains phytoestrogens, a group of compounds also known as isoflavones. Isoflavones are said to disrupt the menstrual cycle of adult women. There are studies that show isoflavones cause early breast development in hamsters, although not in humans. The study also mentioned some changes in the thyroid of a small number of infants. According to an article, "Is Soy Healthy?," the soy bean modification process takes place in aluminum tanks; therefore, soy formula has "over 1000% more aluminum than conventional milk-based formula."

Alternative

Some babies are allergic to soy as well. If soy is not an option for your family, there are also hypoallergenic, amino acid-based formulas that do not contain milk or soy products. Always discuss your questions and concerns with your pediatrician.

How to Fix a Toddler's Latch

Although many breastfeeding mothers choose to wean their babies during infancy, there are numerous advantages to continuing breastfeeding into the toddler years, including fewer illnesses, fewer allergies and better nutrition. The World Health Organization recommends that children should be breastfed at least until age 2. However, even toddlers who have been breastfed since birth can suddenly develop a bad or painful latch as their eating and nursing habits change. Pain while breastfeeding a toddler isn't necessarily an indication to wean; you can usually fix the problem by adjusting the toddler's latch.

Instructions

1

Choose a good position. As with a baby, it is easiest to get a good latch if you and your child are facing each other. Some toddlers latch best while lying down on their sides facing their mother; others do better while sitting upright in Mom's lap. You can also hold your child in a cradle or football hold while sitting on a couch or large chair. Experiment with different positions to find the one that best helps your toddler latch properly.

2

Remind your child to open his mouth wide and stick his tongue out before latching on. This helps him get a good latch that uses his tongue and the roof of his mouth instead of his teeth. Before you offer the breast, tell him that he must open his mouth wide and nurse gently. Warn him that you will unlatch and try again if he breastfeeds in a way that hurts you.

3

Offer your toddler the breast and examine her latch. Both her lips should be flared out, and her lower lip should completely cover the areola. Her mouth should extend over at least 1 1/2 inches of the breast. Your child's jaw should move as she sucks. You should not be able to feel her teeth.

4

Unlatch by breaking the suction with your finger if you feel any pain and try to determine the cause of the pain. If you feel a pulling or shooting pain, encourage your toddler to open his mouth even wider and help him direct mouth as he latches on so that his lower lip latches onto the bottom of your areola. If you felt his teeth while he was latched on, remind him he should use his tongue and the roof of his mouth, not his teeth. Repeat steps 1 through 3 until you are comfortable.

How to Breast-Feed in a Sling

If you want to nurse your baby on the go, a sling is an indispensable accessory. It allows you to nurse comfortably and discreetly, even while standing or walking.

Instructions

1

Place your baby in the sling using the cradle hold or reverse cradle hold.

2

Turn your baby's body slightly in the sling so that the two of you are tummy-to-tummy when your baby needs to nurse.

3

Pull down the sling rail closest to your body, and pull up your shirt or open your nursing shirt; this should give your baby instant access.

4

Tighten the sling so that your baby's head is level with your breast if he or she is in the reverse cradle hold (head away from the rings).

5

Rotate the sling around your body if your baby is in the cradle hold (head toward the rings), until the baby's head is at the level of your breast. This may mean that the shoulder pad slips in front of your shoulder, but you can readjust the sling after you nurse, or wear the pad slightly further back if you know you may have to nurse.

6

To be extra discreet, pull up the outer padded sling rail so that it covers your baby's head, making sure it is still open at the top.

Body Cleansing While Nursing

Breastfeeding women are often interested in body cleansing programs, since many fear that unidentified toxins will contaminate breast milk. While it is important for nursing mothers to live a healthy lifestyle, many of the body-cleansing programs sold in health food stores are inappropriate for breastfeeding moms. The harsh laxatives and diuretics in these products can harm the mother and baby by drawing precious water and nutrients out of the body-- and nursing moms need as much nutrition as they can get. Fortunately, there are safe alternatives.

Liver Detox

Most body-cleansing programs include "liver detox" formulas, which contain liver-supporting herbs like andrographis and milk thistle. Lactation experts like Dr. Jack Newman note that herbs are very unlikely to have any effect on the baby, since only trace amounts can find their way into breast milk. Still, because these herbs have not been studied for use in breastfeeding mothers, it is wise to avoid them except under special circumstances. Breastfeeding women with diagnosed liver disease may choose to use these compounds under the guidance of a physician, but the potential benefits are not worth the risks for the majority of patients.

A safer liver detox may also be the simplest (and cheapest). Consume a diet containing few foods that tax the liver. Eliminate organ meats and alcohol, which can severely tax the liver, and increase your intake of raw fruits and vegetables. Salads made with dandelion greens-- traditional liver-support herbs-- may also be useful.

Colon Cleansing

Colon cleansing is one of the most popular forms of body-cleansing, and it can also be one of the most dangerous. Most colon-cleanse programs use strong stimulant laxatives like cascara sagrada and senna, which can cause cramping, fluid loss, nutrient loss and diarrhea. The loss of nutrients and fluid can be dangerous for a nursing mother.

While there is little evidence to support the routine use of laxatives for cleansing, there is no doubt that a high-fiber diet can help to detoxify the colon and support general well-being. Nursing moms can use fiber sources, like psyllium supplements and fresh vegetables, to provide cramp-free colon cleansing. Aloe vera, which lubricates bowel movements, can also be useful and is safe for nursing moms.

Urinary Health

Body cleansers often utilize strong herbal diuretics to flush fluid from the body. While this can enable temporary weight loss through dehydration, it does little to support the overall health of the kidneys-- and it may actually damage them in the long run. Because breastfeeding women have a high need for fluids, diuretic herbs are especially dangerous.

Cranberries are a lactation-friendly supplement that actually will support the health of the urinary tract. Nursing mothers can safely consume cranberry extract in the form of a capsule or tablet, or they can enjoy a tall glasses of cranberry juice each day. Healthy food choices are the safest, most effective detox program for everyone-- especially nursing mothers.

How to Cope With Breast Infection

Breast infection often occurs in breastfeeding women during the first few months after childbirth. The most common causes for breast infection are breast engorgement and failure to empty the breast after each feeding session. Bacteria enters through a cracked nipple and infects the breast(s). The symptoms of breast infection include pain, swelling and inflammation. If you have these symptoms while not breastfeeding, consult with your doctor since these symptoms maybe associated with breast cancer.

Instructions

1

Continue to breastfeed as normal. Some women may not feel comfortable breastfeeding while having a breast infection. However, breastfeeding actually helps to speed up the recovery process. Contrary to popular belief, breastfeeding with breast infection is not harmful to your baby. Empty at least one of your breasts after each breastfeeding session. This will help to prevent engorgement and clogged ducts, which are the main causes for infection. You can also use a breast pump to empty your breasts.

2

To relieve pain, apply a hot pack before breastfeeding and ice pack after breastfeeding. A warm bath might also help. Do not apply an ice pack before breastfeeding, since it can reduce the milk flow.

3

Drink enough water and eat a well-balanced diet. Breastfeeding mothers need at least additional 500 calories everyday. Dehydration and poor nutrition will reduce milk flow and worsen the breast infection.

4

Try to keep clean as much as possible, during and after breastfeeding. Wash your hand before breastfeeding. Clean your nipples and your baby's mouth.

5

If you are in too much pain, contact your doctor for pain medication. Your doctor can also give you antibiotics, which will cure breast infection in 8 to 10 days.

Cough Medication While Breastfeeding

Having a new baby is life changing and at times exhausting. If a mother experiences a cold or cough, she may wonder if breastfeeding while taking medication is safe. Breastfeeding mothers who have a cough and choose to take medication can feel confident in doing so. Various over the counter and prescription medications have been studied and proven compatible with breastfeeding.

Necessity

The first question is do you need a medication?

As annoying and painful as a cough can be, it is first important to determine if cough medication is necessary. The mother and her health care professional can determine together if she has other measures for relieving a cough or if it actually requires medication. Some coughs may resolve without medication while others need medication for the mother to be well enough to care for her baby.

Risk

Will the medication negatively affect mom, the milk supply, or baby?

Each medication considered can be weighed for the risk it has to the mother, her milk supply, and her baby. Drugs taken by the mother are transferred into the breast milk. The amount the baby ingests depends on several factors such as the baby's age, dosage of the medication, and what medication is used. Many over the counter and prescription medications are assigned a lactation risk category to determine the level of risk for breastfeeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics and Dr. Thomas Hale publish research based information on the safety of breastfeeding and certain medications. Breastfeeding while taking cough medication is possible with medications that pose little risk to all involved. When the risk outweighs the benefit for the use of a medication it is best to seek an alternative.

Benefit

Sometimes a happy mom equals a happy baby.

A mother who is very ill, coughing uncontrollably, experiencing pain, or unable to get any sleep can be a hazard to herself or her baby. She may not feel like caring for herself or her baby and may actually produce less milk due to the stress. The benefit of using cough medication approved for breastfeeding may reduce the time she is ill and help her return to optimal functioning. Many medications that would be used for an infant or young child can also be used by mom safely while she is breastfeeding.

Alternatives

In the event a mother needs to take a cough medication not approved for breastfeeding she may continue to feed her baby in various ways. She can pump her milk and dump it to keep up her supply while she takes the medication and feed her baby milk from a donor or formula with a cup feeder, dropper or bottle. After she is finished taking the medication she can resume breastfeeding.

Resources

Breastfeeding with a cough is possible and most mothers will not need to stop breastfeeding to relieve their cough or infection. Some health care professionals may not have the information available to prescribe a cough medication that is safe for breastfeeding. Lactation consultants, nurse midwives, breastfeeding peer counselors, other mothers, and organizations such as La Leche League International can be sources of information, support and guidance for a mother who needs to take medication. Hale publishes a book the public can purchase called Medications in Mother's Milk which contains multiple medications along with their risks, benefits, uses and lactation risk category.

How to Adjust Your Diet When Breastfeeding a Colicky Baby

Many babies experience colic, or crying for at least 3 hours per day, 3 days or more a week. If you're a breastfeeding mother, you can combat colic by adjusting your diet to eliminate foods that might trigger the condition. Follow these tips.

Instructions

1

Eliminate all milk products from your diet for 7 to 10 days to see if your baby's colic improves. A protein found in cow's milk is a known trigger for colic, so abstain from eating all dairy foods for awhile.

2

Reduce the amount of spicy food you eat, or only enjoy these foods when you're not approaching feeding time.

3

Select foods that do not contain wheat, a known allergen that may cause colic. Instead, opt for gluten-free foods found in your grocery store's natural foods section.

4

Eat cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower, in moderation only. These vegetables irritate young breastfed babies.

5

Drink alcoholic beverages and those that contain caffeine sparingly. Both may cause colic.

6

Abstain from eating nuts and strawberries, two highly allergenic foods. Avoid foods containing garlic.

How to Stimulate Lactation

Breastfeeding is the best nutritional choice you can make for your newborn. When you struggle with low breast milk production, your baby gets cranky and you may get stressed. Learn to stimulate lactation, increase breast your milk supply and satisfy your baby's nutritional needs.

Instructions

1

Consult with a lactation specialist to check the baby's position, latch and suckle. To stimulate lactation, the baby must suck properly. Correcting a bad latch or poor position creates a more efficient suckle and stimulates lactation.

2

Put the baby to your breast more frequently. More frequent and lengthy breastfeeding sessions increase the demand for your body to produce more breast milk.

3

Use a breast pump. Pump milk from your breasts with an electric breast pump for at least 15 minutes after the baby is done feeding. This stimulates the demand for breast milk and increases your supply.

4

Try natural galactagogues, also called lactation herbs. Many natural supplements are shown to stimulate lactation. Some herbs include: blessed thistle, fenegreek, fennel, shatavari, anise seed, cumin seed, goat's rue, caraway and hops. Visit a local health supplement store to purchase them. Talk to your doctor before you begin an herbal supplement regimen.

5

Consult with your doctor about medical interventions. Some medicines stimulate lactation. These medicines include Reglan, Domperidone and Sulpiride. These drugs block dopamine and increase your prolactin levels, which increase your breast milk supply.

Techniques to Relieve Infant Gas

Gas naturally occurs in people of all ages, but it can be very uncomfortable for infants. The buildup of gas is caused by the normal digestion of food and swallowing excess air, usually during crying. Natural or over-the-counter remedies are easy and safe for an infant suffering from gas pain, but a doctor should be consulted if there are significant changes in the baby's mood, eating or sleeping habits and poop patterns.

Correct Feeding

Gas buildup can occur from swallowing too much air. This can happen if an infant is being fed incorrectly. Always keep the child's head higher than his stomach. If using a bottle, try using a slow-flow nipple or a bag that deflates as it empties as opposed to a hard plastic bottle that fills with air.

Diet

If an infant is breastfeeding, his gas can be caused by mom's diet. Cut back on caffeine and milk-products that may be hard for a baby to digest. If feeding the baby formula, ask a pediatrician about hypoallergenic brands. Avoid feeding an infant cow milk and fruit juice because they are difficult to digest. Consult a pediatrician before significantly changing the diet of a baby.

Massage

Massages can help relieve gas.

Gas builds up in an infant's stomach. To help the baby pass gas, apply pressure on his belly. Rubbing the tummy in circles is a good technique to relieve gas. Another option is to hold the baby in a "football hold," that is face down along the forearm, while massaging his back. Similarly, lay the infant stomach-down across your lap and bounce your knees slowly while performing a back rub.

Over-the-Counter Remedies

Gripe water is a natural over-the-counter remedy for relieving gas. It contains a combination of herbs that settle the stomach and relax muscles. Simethicone also decreases gas in the stomach. It can be found in such medications as Baby Gas-X and Colic Drops. Always read the directions when using over-the-counter medication and consult a pediatrician if the problems persist.